I hope You enjoyed the photostudy of the little peckers that came to visit me yesterday! (Note the rare beautiful BLUE sky with no white stripes!).
One week to go until Dec 21. We are continuing to see ideas that creative people are sharing on Google You Tube to help get in touch with what's going on around the world (as the previous World News Media is missing in Action).
Pole Shift is in Progress:
If You have been "Awakened", then You have been selected. Try to wake up your loved ones. Realize that not everyone will wake up. The three vids in the Featured Presentation have a very loud message. I hope You will view the information. I welcome All Of You who are just waking up (sleepy heads!)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eqxx35A07r4
+++++++++++++++++++++++++
FEATURE PRESENTATION:
Three Part Video presentation
Excellent information! Check it out!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jlfxElI-Osg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iyisLETUhfk
MrMaverickstar·
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KRcg74DWmBs
MrMaverickstar
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_ray
Cosmic ray
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Cosmic rays are very high energy particles, mainly originating inouter space, outside the Solar system. [1] They may produceshowers of secondary particles that penetrate the Earth's atmosphere and sometimes even Earth's surface.
The term ray is an historical accident as cosmic rays were at first, and wrongly, thought to be mostly electromagnetic radiation. Now, the common usage [2] is to call particles with non-zero rest mass “cosmic” rays, and particles (photons) which are quanta of electromagnetic radiation (and thus with zero rest-mass) by their common names of gamma rays or x-rays.
Of primary cosmic rays, about 99% are the nuclei (stripped of their electron shells) of well-known atoms, and about 1% are solitary electrons (similar to beta particles). Of the nuclei, about 90% are simple protons, i. e. hydrogen nuclei; 9% are helium nuclei or alpha particles, and 1% are the nuclei of heavier elements.[3] A very small fraction are stable particles of antimatter, such as positrons orantiprotons, and the precise nature of this remaining fraction is an area of active research.
Introduction
The variety of particle energies reflects the wide variety of sources. The origins range from explosions on our own Sun to different kinds of stellar explosions (novas, supernovas),[4] taking place anywhere in the entire Universe. This doesn't mean that the supernova explosion itself gets the particles up to these speeds. The remnants of the explosions, expanding clouds of gas and magnetic field, can last for thousands of years, and this is where cosmic rays are accelerated. Bouncing back and forth in the magnetic field of the remnant randomly lets some of the particles gain energy, and become cosmic rays. Eventually they build up enough speed that the remnant can no longer contain them, and they escape into the Galaxy. [5] Because the cosmic rays eventually escape the supernova remnant, they can only be accelerated up to a certain maximum energy, which depends upon the size of the acceleration region and the magnetic field strength. However, cosmic rays have been observed at much higher energies than supernova remnants can generate, and where these ultra-high energies come from is a big question. Perhaps they come from outside the Galaxy, from active galactic nuclei, quasars orgamma ray bursts. Or perhaps they're the signature of some exotic new physics: superstrings, exotic dark matter, strongly-interactingneutrinos, or topological defects (see also topological string theory) in the very structure of the universe. [6][7]
There is evidence that very high energy cosmic rays are produced over far longer periods than the explosion of a single star or sudden galactic event, suggesting multiple accelerating processes occurring over very long distances as compared to the size of stars. The obscure mechanisms of cosmic ray production at galactic distances is partly a result of the fact that the magnetic fields of our Solar system, our Galaxy and all other galaxies bend the path of cosmic rays, so that after a long journey through space, they arrive nearly randomly, i. e. from all directions, lacking information about the direction of their initial sources. Cosmic rays can have energies of more than 1020 eV (far higher than the 1012 to 1013 eV that Terrestrial particle accelerators can produce). There has been interest in investigating cosmic rays of even greater energies.[8]
Certain primordial nuclides, i. e. some isotopes of lithium, beryllium and boron, are thought to have arisen not only during the Big Bang, but also (and perhaps primarily) to have been made after the Big Bang, but before the condensation of the solar system, by the process of cosmic ray spallation on interstellar gas and dust. This explains their higher abundance in cosmic rays as compared with their ratios and abundances of certain other nuclides on Earth.
They also produce both stable cosmogenic nuclides and unstable radioisotopes on Earth, such as carbon-14 or phosphorus-32.[9] In the history of particle physics, cosmic rays were the source of the discovery of the positron, muon, and pi meson.
Persons living at relatively high altitudes (above 1000 m.a.s.) receives several times more cosmic radiation than people living at sea level. Airline crews increase their yearly ionizing radiation dose by 100-folds or more due to secondary cosmic rays.[citation needed]
Since both intensity (number of particles per unit area) and energy of cosmic rays is much larger outside Earth's magnetic field andEarth's atmosphere, this is expected to have an impact on the design of spacecraft that can safely transport humans in interplanetary space.
[edit]Primary cosmic rays
Primary cosmic rays originate mainly outside the Solar system, i. e. in the Galaxy or even in other galaxies. When they interact with Earth's atmosphere, they are converted to secondary particles. Almost 90% of primary cosmic rays are protons, about 9% are heliumnuclei (alpha particles) and nearly 1% are electrons. The mass ratio of hydrogen to helium nuclei (28%) is about the same as the primordial elemental abundance ratio of these elements (24%).[10]
The remaining fraction is made up of the other heavier nuclei that are nuclear synthesis end products, products of the Big Bang[citation needed], primarily lithium, beryllium, and boron. These light nuclei appear in cosmic rays in much greater abundance (~1%) than in the solar atmosphere, where their abundance is about 10−9% that of helium.
This abundance difference is a result of the way secondary cosmic rays are formed. Carbon and oxygen nuclei collide with interstellar matter to form lithium, beryllium and boron in a process termed cosmic ray spallation. Spallation is also responsible[citation needed] for the abundances of scandium, titanium, vanadium, and manganese ions in cosmic rays produced by collisions of iron and nickel nuclei with interstellar matter. See Natural Environmental Radioactivity.
Satellite experiments have found evidence[citation needed] of a few antiprotons and positrons in primary cosmic rays, although there is no evidence of complex antimatter atomic nuclei, such as anti-helium nuclei (anti-alpha) particles. Antiprotons arrive at Earth with a characteristic energy maximum of 2 GeV, indicating their production in a fundamentally different process from cosmic ray protons.[11]
[edit]Flux of Primary Cosmic Rays
The flux of incoming cosmic rays at the upper atmosphere is dependent on the solar wind, the Earth's magnetic field, and the energy of the cosmic rays.
The solar wind decelerates the incoming particles and blocks some of the particles with energies below about 1 GeV. The amount of solar wind is not constant due to changes in solar activity. Thus, the level of the cosmic ray flux varies with solar activity. The Earth's magnetic field deflects some of the cosmic rays, giving rise to the observation that the flux is apparently dependent on latitude, longitude, and azimuth angle. The magnetic field lines deflect the cosmic rays towards the poles, giving rise to the aurora.
At distances of ~94 AU from the Sun, the solar wind undergoes a transition, called the termination shock, from supersonic to subsonic speeds. The region between the termination shock and the heliopause acts as a barrier to cosmic rays, decreasing the flux at lower energies by about 90%.
In the past, it was believed that the cosmic ray flux remained fairly constant over time. However, recent research suggests 1.5 to 2-fold millennium-timescale changes in the cosmic ray flux in the past forty thousand years.[13]
The magnitude of the energy of cosmic ray flux in interstellar space is very comparable to that of other deep space energies: cosmic ray energy density averages about one electron-volt per cubic centimeter of interstellar space, or ~1 eV/cm3, which is comparable to the energy density of visible starlight at 0.3 eV/cm3, the galactic magnetic field energy density (assumed 3 microgauss) which is ~0.25 eV/cm3, or the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation energy density at ~ 0.25 eV/cm3.[14]
However, cosmic rays, unlike the other energy components above, are composed of ionizing particles, and this is far more damaging to biological processes than simple energies suggest. As noted below, cosmic rays make up on average 10 to 15% of background ionizing radiation to humans on Earth, but this component can be several times larger for persons living at higher altitudes.
The number of particles that hit the ground is dependent on several factors including location with respect to the earth's magnetic field, solar cycle, elevation, and the energy of the particles. For 1 GeV particles, the rate of arrival is about 10,000 per square meter per second. At 1 TeV the rate is 1 particle per square meter per second. At 10 PeV there are only a few particles per square meter per year. Particles above 10 EeV arrive only at a rate of about one particle per square kilometer per year, and above 100 EeV at a rate of about one particle per square kilometer per century.[15]
[edit]Secondary Cosmic Ray Particles
When cosmic rays enter the Earth's atmosphere they collide with molecules, mainly oxygen and nitrogen. The interaction produce a cascade of lighter particles, a so-called air shower.[17] All of the produced particles stay within about one degree of the primary particle's path. Typical particles produced in such collisions are neutrons, charged mesonse.g. positive and negative pions and kaons. Some of these subsequently decay into muons, which are able to reach the surface of the Earth, and even penetrate for some distance into shallow mines. The muons can be easily detected by many types of particle detectors, such as cloud chambers,bubble chambers or scintillation detectors. Several muons observed by separated detectors at the same instant indicates that they have been produced in the same shower event.
Cosmic rays impacting other planetary bodies in the Solar System are detected indirectly by observing high energy gamma ray emissions by gamma-ray telescope. These are distinguished from radioactive decay processes by their higher energies above about 10 MeV.
[edit]Health Hazards of Secondary Cosmic Rays
High energy secondary cosmic ray neutrons and other secondary cosmic ray particles comprises the components of cosmic rays damaging to humans, on Earth or in a plane. Outside Earth's magnetic field, the primary cosmic rays constitute the health hazard.
[edit]Detection by particle track-etch technique
Cosmic rays can also be detected directly by particle detectors aboard satellites or high altitude balloons. In a pioneering technique developed by Robert Fleischer, P. Buford Price, and Robert M. Walker,[18] sheets of clear plastic, like 1/4 mil Lexan polycarbonate, are stacked together and exposed directly to cosmic rays in space or high altitude. The nuclear charge causes chemical bond breaking orionization in the plastic. At the top of the plastic stack the ionization is less, due to the high cosmic ray speed. As the cosmic ray speed decreases due to deceleration in the stack, the ionization increases along the path. The resulting plastic sheets are "etched" or slowly dissolved in warm caustic sodium hydroxide solution, that removes the surface material at a slow, known rate. The caustic sodium hydroxide dissolves at a faster rate along the path of the ionized plastic. The net result is a conical shaped pit or etch pit in the plastic. The etch pits are measured under a high power microscope (typically 1600X oil-immersion), and the etch rate is plotted as a function of the depth in the stacked plastic. This yields a unique curve for each atomic nucleus of Z from 1 to 92, allowing identification of both the charge and energy of the cosmic ray that traverses the plastic stack. The more extensive the ionization along the path; the higher the charge.
This technique has been used with great success for detecting not only cosmic rays, but fission product nuclei for neutron detectors.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8zDwtpwDtfk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6RaUMFL0XFo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Usz5EzMlfY
Published on Oct 16, 2012
George Knapp welcomed researcher Brent Miller, of The Horizon Project, who warned
of mounting evidence that Earth is due for a polar shift which will end civilization
as we know it. "It could happen tomorrow, it could happen 50 years from now, but all
the evidence that we've been able to collect indicates that the next one is about to
happen," Miller cautioned of the global catastrophe that he sees as imminent.
Describing the cataclysmic changes which would befall the planet during such an event,
Miller said that as the poles move, the equator will be upended as well. According to him,
this will result in widespread geographical changes due to wild gravitational shifts.
Noting the preponderance of water on the planet, he said that "during this sloshing about,
as Earth wobbles and reorients itself, what happens is that the waters literally decimate
all the coastal areas around the planet." Painting a grim picture of a post-shift world,
Miller estimated that the event would "wipe out four billion people within six months and
then a 'Mad Max' scenario."
Miller explained that the Horizon Project based their forecast for a polar shift on a growing
number of anomalies around the world. He cited weather oddities, such as snowfall in Baghdad for the first time in over 100 years and the increase in earthquakes in unlikely locations. According to him, off-planet clues, like the increase in solar activity, also lend credence to a polar shift scenario occurring in the future. While he suspected that the worlds' governments knew of this impending disaster, he was doubtful of any official announcement, saying "I think we are given all the warning we're going to be given. We're seeing all the signs."
A growing number of scientists are starting to worry that it is the magnetic pole shift that
seems to be underway that is the real culprit behind climate change. Not man made air pollution, not the sun, not the underground volcanic activity heating up the oceans, but the slow beginning of a pole shift that has been thought to destroy entire civilizations in the past and be one major factor in mass extinctions. NASA recently discovered and released information about a major breach in the earth's magnetic field.
This breach in the earth/s magnetic field alone, in that it is allowing solar winds to enter
the earths atmosphere, is sufficient to really mess up the weather. Not only is this accelerating magnetic pole shift messing up the weather it is having major effects on geopolitics. These magnetic shifts are not only capable of causing massive global super storms, but can cause certain societies, cultures and whole countries to collapse, even go to war with one another.
All yet remains to be seen, but the magnetic reversal of the earth's poles seems to be rapidly increasing and IS affecting world weather patterns. The real question is how bad will things get before it all settles backdown to a "new normal?" At one time in history it was thought the North Pole was in the area that is now known as Hudson Bay. If the Hudson Bay area was the last locatoin of the North Pole, where will it go next? And how bad will global super storms and climate change get before it is over? And can we stop blaming each other for causing this and work together to survive it and keep civilization in tact?
The Pole shift hypothesis is not to be confused with geomagnetic reversal, the periodic reversal of the Earth's magnetic field (effectively switching the north and south magnetic poles). Geomagnetic reversal has more acceptance in the scientific community than pole shift hypotheses. The Pole shift hypothesis is almost always discussed in the context of Earth, but other bodies in the Solar System may have experienced axial reorientation during their existences. The theory says that the outer crust of the Earth has moved several times in the past and would move in the future.
of mounting evidence that Earth is due for a polar shift which will end civilization
as we know it. "It could happen tomorrow, it could happen 50 years from now, but all
the evidence that we've been able to collect indicates that the next one is about to
happen," Miller cautioned of the global catastrophe that he sees as imminent.
Describing the cataclysmic changes which would befall the planet during such an event,
Miller said that as the poles move, the equator will be upended as well. According to him,
this will result in widespread geographical changes due to wild gravitational shifts.
Noting the preponderance of water on the planet, he said that "during this sloshing about,
as Earth wobbles and reorients itself, what happens is that the waters literally decimate
all the coastal areas around the planet." Painting a grim picture of a post-shift world,
Miller estimated that the event would "wipe out four billion people within six months and
then a 'Mad Max' scenario."
Miller explained that the Horizon Project based their forecast for a polar shift on a growing
number of anomalies around the world. He cited weather oddities, such as snowfall in Baghdad for the first time in over 100 years and the increase in earthquakes in unlikely locations. According to him, off-planet clues, like the increase in solar activity, also lend credence to a polar shift scenario occurring in the future. While he suspected that the worlds' governments knew of this impending disaster, he was doubtful of any official announcement, saying "I think we are given all the warning we're going to be given. We're seeing all the signs."
A growing number of scientists are starting to worry that it is the magnetic pole shift that
seems to be underway that is the real culprit behind climate change. Not man made air pollution, not the sun, not the underground volcanic activity heating up the oceans, but the slow beginning of a pole shift that has been thought to destroy entire civilizations in the past and be one major factor in mass extinctions. NASA recently discovered and released information about a major breach in the earth's magnetic field.
This breach in the earth/s magnetic field alone, in that it is allowing solar winds to enter
the earths atmosphere, is sufficient to really mess up the weather. Not only is this accelerating magnetic pole shift messing up the weather it is having major effects on geopolitics. These magnetic shifts are not only capable of causing massive global super storms, but can cause certain societies, cultures and whole countries to collapse, even go to war with one another.
All yet remains to be seen, but the magnetic reversal of the earth's poles seems to be rapidly increasing and IS affecting world weather patterns. The real question is how bad will things get before it all settles backdown to a "new normal?" At one time in history it was thought the North Pole was in the area that is now known as Hudson Bay. If the Hudson Bay area was the last locatoin of the North Pole, where will it go next? And how bad will global super storms and climate change get before it is over? And can we stop blaming each other for causing this and work together to survive it and keep civilization in tact?
The Pole shift hypothesis is not to be confused with geomagnetic reversal, the periodic reversal of the Earth's magnetic field (effectively switching the north and south magnetic poles). Geomagnetic reversal has more acceptance in the scientific community than pole shift hypotheses. The Pole shift hypothesis is almost always discussed in the context of Earth, but other bodies in the Solar System may have experienced axial reorientation during their existences. The theory says that the outer crust of the Earth has moved several times in the past and would move in the future.
Category
License
Standard YouTube License
...this is brendasue signing off from Rainbow Creek. See You next time!
Of Course, One more great performance
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VaWl2lA7968
O+O
No comments:
Post a Comment
Hi Everybody! Please say hello and follow so I know you are here! Due to the inconsideration of people trying to put commercials on my blog comment area, I have restricted use of anonymous posts. Sorry that some hurt all.
My public email is katescabin@gmail.com No spammers or trolls